Court of Milan, 6 June 2025, N. 4631

Incorporation by reference (rinvio per relationem) of an arbitration clause contained in another contract is valid when it is express and specific, making reference to the contract of origin, the clause referred to, and its subject matter.
The validity of incorporation by reference of an arbitration clause does not require perfect incorporation (relatio perfecta) when there is proof of full knowledge of the arbitration clause by the contracting party who previously negotiated it.